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The belief is widely held that the physical world is causally-driven. The world is one because a tangled web of causally-driven processes keeps it together. However, both the psychological and the social worlds cannot be articulated in causal terms only. Hereby, "motivation" is used as the most general term referring to whatever keeps (synchronically) together and provides (diachronic) reasons explaining the behavior of psychological and social systems. In order to systematically address these problems, a categorical framework is needed for understanding the various types of realities population

Causation. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology

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The problem of structure and agency has been the subject of intense debate in the social sciences for over 100 years. This book offers a solution. Using a critical realist version of the theory of emergence, Dave Elder-Vass argues that, instead of ascribing causal significance to an abstract notion of social structure or a monolithic concept of society, we must recognise that it is specific groups of people that have social structural power. Some of these groups are entities with emergent causal powers, distinct from those of human individuals. Yet these powers also depend on the contributions of human individuals, and this book examines the mechanisms through which interactions between human individuals generate the causal powers of some types of social structures. The Causal Power of Social Structures makes particularly important contributions to the theory of human agency and to our understanding of normative institutions.

Social structure. --- Causation. --- Structure sociale --- Causalité --- Causalité --- 316.3 --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Organization, Social --- Social organization --- 316.3 Sociale structuur --(sociologie) --- Sociale structuur --(sociologie) --- Causation --- Social structure --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Anthropology --- Sociology --- Social institutions --- Sociological theories --- Social Sciences

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Il Tomismo analitico ha proposto la gnoseologia di san Tommaso d'Aquino come rimedio per molti problemi tradizionali dell'epistemologia. Così John Haldane, in un dibattito con Hilary Putnam, ha sostenuto che il Tomismo, affermando l'identità formale tra mente e mondo, supererebbe i problemi dello scetticismo che oggi sorgono nelle riflessioni sulla rappresentazione mentale. La proposta si basa sull'idea che il mondo possa agire sulla mente come causa formale. Ma ha senso parlare di cause formali ? Questo libro propone una teoria della causalità che possa fondare una concezione realista della rappresentazione mentale nei dibattiti contemporanei. Recuperando l'ilemorfismo tomistico e la teoria condizionale della causalità, il libro, in una discussione serrata con filosofi analitici, sostiene una prospettiva che può dirsi tomista nel senso che riprende alcuni argomenti e alcune intuizioni di san Tommaso, elaborandoli in un territorio nuovo.

Causation --- Neo-Scholasticism --- Thomas, --- Neo-Thomism --- Thomism (Modern philosophy) --- Philosophy, Modern --- Scholasticism --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Philosophy --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Akʻvineli, Tʻoma, --- Akvinietis, Tomas, --- Akvinskiĭ, Foma, --- Aquinas, --- Aquinas, Thomas, --- Foma, --- Thomas Aquinas, --- Tʻoma, --- Toma, --- Tomas, --- Tomasu, --- Tomasu, Akwinasu, --- Tomasz, --- Tommaso, --- Tʻovma, --- Тома, Аквінський, --- תומאס, --- תומס, --- اكويني ، توما --- Ākvīnās, Tūmās, --- اكويني، توما, --- آکويناس، توماس, --- Thomas, - Aquinas, Saint, - 1225?-1274

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Arturo Carsetti According to molecular Biology, true invariance (life) can exist only within the framework of ongoing autonomous morphogenesis and vice versa. With respect to this secret dialectics, life and cognition appear as indissolubly interlinked. In this sense, for instance, the inner articulation of conceptual spaces appears to be linked to an inner functional development based on a continuous activity of selection and “anchorage” realised on semantic grounds. It is the work of “invention” and g- eration (in invariance), linked with the “rooting” of meaning, which determines the evolution, the leaps and punctuated equilibria, the conditions related to the unfo- ing of new modalities of invariance, an invariance which is never simple repetition and which springs on each occasion through deep-level processes of renewal and recovery. The selection perpetrated by meaning reveals its autonomy aboveall in its underpinning, in an objective way, the ongoing choice of these new modalities. As such it is not, then, concerned only with the game of “possibles”, offering itself as a simple channel for pure chance, but with providing a channel for the articulation of the “ le” in the humus of a semantic (and embodied) net in order to prepare the necessary conditionsfor a continuousrenewal and recoveryof original creativity. In effect, it is this autonomy in inventing new possible modules of incompressibility whichdeterminestheactualemergenceofnew(andtrue)creativity,whichalsotakes place through the “narration” of the effected construction.

Causation. --- Cognitive science. --- Complexity (Philosophy). --- Philosophy of mind. --- Causation --- Philosophy of mind --- Cognitive science --- Complexity (Philosophy) --- Philosophy --- Logic --- Speculative Philosophy --- Philosophy & Religion --- Cognition. --- Causality --- Cause and effect --- Effect and cause --- Final cause --- Philosophy. --- Epistemology. --- Computer simulation. --- System theory. --- Complex Systems. --- Simulation and Modeling. --- Philosophy of Mind. --- Statistical Physics and Dynamical Systems. --- Psychology --- Beginning --- God --- Metaphysics --- Necessity (Philosophy) --- Teleology --- Genetic epistemology. --- Statistical physics. --- Physics --- Mathematical statistics --- Mind, Philosophy of --- Mind, Theory of --- Theory of mind --- Philosophical anthropology --- Computer modeling --- Computer models --- Modeling, Computer --- Models, Computer --- Simulation, Computer --- Electromechanical analogies --- Mathematical models --- Simulation methods --- Model-integrated computing --- Developmental psychology --- Knowledge, Theory of --- Statistical methods --- Dynamical systems. --- Dynamical systems --- Kinetics --- Mathematics --- Mechanics, Analytic --- Force and energy --- Mechanics --- Statics --- Epistemology --- Theory of knowledge